African History
How Weird Would Modern English Sound To A Medieval English Person?
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelled mediæval or mediaeval) lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. This period began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD and ended with the fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD, this era would transition into the Renaissance and then the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.
Population decline, counterurbanisation, the collapse of centralized authority, invasions, and mass migrations of tribes, which had begun in late antiquity, continued into the Early Middle Ages. The large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—most recently part of the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) Empire—came under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate, an Islamic empire, after conquest by Muhammad’s successors. Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, the break with classical antiquity was not complete. The still-sizeable Byzantine Empire, Rome’s direct continuation, survived in the Eastern Mediterranean and remained a major power. Secular law was advanced greatly by the Code of Justinian. In the West, most kingdoms incorporated extant Roman institutions, while new bishoprics and monasteries were founded as Christianity expanded in Europe. The Franks, under the Carolingian dynasty, briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th and early 9th centuries. It covered much of Western Europe but later succumbed to the pressures of internal civil wars combined with external invasions: Vikings from the north, Magyars from the east, and Saracens from the south.
During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages. This period also saw the formal division of the Catholic and Orthodox churches, with the East–West Schism of 1054. The Crusades, which began in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims, and also contributed to the expansion of Latin Christendom in the Baltic region and the Iberian Peninsula. Kings became the heads of centralised nation states, reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant. In the West, intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the Gothic architecture of cathedrals such as Chartres mark the end of this period.
The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil strife, and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period.
Terminology and periodisation
Palais des Papes, Avignon
The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history: Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Modern Period.[1] A similar term first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or “middle season”.[2] The adjective “medieval”,[A][4] meaning pertaining to the Middle Ages, derives from medium aevum or “middle age”,[3] a Latin term first recorded in 1604.[5] Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People (1442), with a middle period “between the fall of the Roman Empire and the revival of city life sometime in late eleventh and twelfth centuries”.[6] Tripartite periodisation became standard after the 17th-century German historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods: ancient, medieval, and modern.[7]
#medieval #english #language
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Helen Pluckrose outlines some of the arguments later explored in depth in her bestselling 2020 book, Cynical Theories (co-authored with James Lindsay). The essay charts the pernicious influence of postmodernist thinking on two generations of academics and activists. If you want to understand how we got to a place where microaggressions are denounced as violence but the brutal terrorism of an intifada is considered righteous, this is an important primer.
Iona Italia reads Helen Pluckrose’s essay published in Quillette: https://quillette.com/2024/05/07/how-french-intellectuals-ruined-the-west-foucault-lyotard-derrida/
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Quillette is an Australian-based online magazine that focuses on long-form analysis and cultural commentary. It is politically non-partisan, but relies on reason, science, and humanism as its guiding values.
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Quillette has gained attention for publishing articles and essays that challenge modern heterodoxy on a variety of topics, including gender and sexuality, race and identity politics, and free speech and censorship.
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@hoi-polloi1863
April 13, 2024 at 5:09 pm
Hi Metatron, lovely video! I believe we need the GVS video, as well as the Latin ones. A thought… maybe combine the two: start with how does it feel, then go into the mechanics. Finally, could you explore the transition from Old English to Middle English? I read a story once where a Celtic person who knows Old English travels forward in time and get annoyed that she has to learn English twice!
@peterwaldens721
April 14, 2024 at 12:42 am
His prognosis is very likely wrong. Either the english speaking civilization, which is currently in decline and is no longer able to solve its problems, collapses or it does not collapse. If it collapses, English will break down into different languages that will continue to develop apart over time and whose speakers will no longer be able to understand each other at some point. But if it doesn't collapse, the schools and universities, the internet, the artificial intelligence, the political institutions and the world market will approximately preserve the english language in its current form , the english language in terms of its grammar, its orthography and its sound will not change very much – but there will be many new words, neologisms and scientific terms because a civilization that continues to develop inevitably creates new vocabulary
seine prognose ist sehr wahrscheinlich falsch .entweder bricht die zivilisation die sich zur zeit im niedergang befindet und ihre probleme nicht mehr zu lösen vermag zusammen oder sie bricht nicht zusammen .wenn sie zusammenbricht zerfällt das englische in verschiedene sprachen die sich im laufe der zeit immer weiter auseinanderentwickeln und deren sprecher*innen und sprecher einander irgendwann nicht mehr verstehen können .wenn sie aber nicht zusammenbricht so werden die schulen und universitäten das internet die künstliche intelligenz die politischen institutionen und der weltmarkt die sprache was ihre grammatik ihre orthographie und ihren klang angeht ungefähr in ihrer heutigen form bewahren -es wird aber viele neue worte neologismen und begriffe geben weil eine zivilisation die sich weiterentwickelt und verändert ihrer bedarf
@AllyCatAL
April 14, 2024 at 5:43 pm
The second way you said “payple (people)” sounds a lot like the way a lot of people in the south USA speak (where I’m from).
@Ramesesthegreat400
April 14, 2024 at 10:25 pm
as a Swede the first "I" the is just like we say it!
@martapfahl940
April 15, 2024 at 11:02 am
Thats really interesting! Knight pronounced like "Knicht" sounds like German "Knecht" which means servant 🙂 I love languages.
@HyperboreanAnchovy44
April 17, 2024 at 3:30 am
Very well done
@Natalia-pc7fm
April 17, 2024 at 7:22 am
This explanation is really great. I’m just so glad Spanish, my mother tongue, remains phonetic. It has evolved quite a bit from the original Vulgar Latin, of course, but Romance languages retain enough similarities that make them mutually comprehensible, while Germanic languages diverged a lot more because they were standardized much later. Spanish was the first language to have a standardized grammar, by Antonio de Nebrija, in 1492.
@hameddadgour
April 17, 2024 at 6:43 pm
Great examples!
@-----REDACTED-----
April 19, 2024 at 4:42 pm
Eh…should there be a connection between Knecht and knight…😂
@quichrlyn
April 28, 2024 at 3:24 am
you have a very interesting accent, where are you from?
@uffa00001
April 28, 2024 at 3:43 pm
The idea that languages pronunciation has to inevitably change with time is flawed. In Italian, we know that at the time of Dante, "Tanto gentile e tanto onesta pare / la donna mia, quand'ella altrui saluta etc." was pronounced exactly like today. We should also ask the Chinese, or the Japanese, about how much their pronunciation changed with the centuries. It's the English language which has, probably most amongst languages, this continual tendency toward deformation. French has probably remained stable in the last two or three centuries, I would say. German should also have remained pretty stable. Knecht (farmer) unlike knight is still pronounced, probably, as in the XVI century, just to make an example. Landesknecht is "landesknecht" today as in XVI century.
The problem with the Brits in general is that they don't accept the fact that not all pronunciations were born equal, that there is a cultivated, official, "standard" pronunciation and many uncultivated ones. This race toward "equality" makes the preservation of the language sound impossible. This will, in turn, lead to the loss of the enjoyment of past literature. Shakespeare has to be re-translated into modern English, as people would not understand, now, early XVII century English, whereas an Italian can perfectly read and enjoy Dante in its original form.
I think it all comes down to the idea of "prestige" conveyed by the language, or not. English has too many variants all over the world, and possibly too many variants even in the cultivated layer, that none of them managed to acquire enough "prestige" as to be recognized as the proper, fine, elegant way a cultivated person should speak.
@hakarthemage
April 28, 2024 at 7:53 pm
I anticipate future English to be as drastically different from modern English, as old English was from middle English. No cap.
@badwolf66
May 5, 2024 at 12:31 am
The People States is no longer with us.
@ygalaxy-kk9tw
May 5, 2024 at 3:09 pm
Way too drunk french
@andriigladii5898
May 8, 2024 at 2:02 am
0:54 Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle, Ukraine.
@savitarmalan
May 8, 2024 at 9:44 pm
So English will turn to German at some point. Incredible
@karlgustav9960
May 14, 2024 at 6:32 pm
Interesting how the old pronunciation of knight sounds like the German “Knecht” wich basically is a servant doing hard manual labor. Funny how that resembles the concept of “samurai” wich also meant “servant”. The German equivalent “Ritter” is connected to “rider” though.
@jennifersciberras7484
May 15, 2024 at 12:27 pm
My first video from this channel. It did not disappoint! Intriguing topic, Compellingly presented. Looking forward to checking out your other vids. 😊
@DeadPixel1105
May 18, 2024 at 11:34 pm
What you said about Middle Ages English being written phonetically is something I appreciate about the Arabic language. I noticed that words are spelled pretty much exactly as they sound. So if you're not sure of how to spell a word in Arabic, just sound it out. There's the spelling.
@DeadPixel1105
May 19, 2024 at 12:27 am
Great video. I'll be subscribing.
@user-zq3lt7lz3m
May 25, 2024 at 10:05 pm
🤯🤯
@mm-yt8sf
May 27, 2024 at 12:22 am
in high school we had to memorize a verse from the canterbury tales. i couldn't understand it written, and the english teacher had an old record which he played for us of someone speaking it in middle english. he told us as a fun trivia that the voice on the record was his old middle english teacher… 😀i couldn't understand it verbally either..but it kinda sounded like the swedish chef muppet to me.. i'm sure in practice they must have spoken faster since they were busy people with stuff to do instead of reciting poetry
@TheRealStevenBritton
May 28, 2024 at 6:04 pm
It’s highly unlikely that the “k” sound would get dropped, because it has an important addition to the word – the “k” sound itself.